-moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24); Look at our infographic to check the key statistics related to the practice of enforced disappearances in the occupied territories of Ukraine. bottom: 30px; ol.ol-lower-latin { } While working as an expert for the UN Human Rights Council's Working Group for the past . .vertical-line-right { Of particular concern are: Special attention must also be paid to specific groups of especially vulnerable people, like children and people with disabilities. Found inside – Page 254“Enforced Disappearances” and “Extrajudicial Killings” In the statistics cited above, I analyze disappearances and homicides, as opposed to “enforced ... } display: block; #memberStatesIndex a { } position: relative; } margin-right: 0.3em; -moz-box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.19), 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.23); content:'\f2b9'; margin-top: 15px!important; .heading-center-underline::after { Ensaaf created this site to build informed consensus on the nature of the crimes perpetrated by India's security forces in Punjab. @media (max-width: 400px) { /* ***** padding and text copy-specific styles ***** */ margin: 4rem 0 auto 0; font-size: 1.25em; Often, enforced disappearances take place alongside other egregious human rights abuses, including torture, ill-treatment, sexual and gender-based violence, and extrajudicial executions. padding-bottom: 0px; Covers 159 countries and delivers the most comprehensive analysis of the state of human rights in the world 1 January to 31 December 2017. Jestina Mukoko, director for the Zimbabwe Peace Project, a non-governmental human rights organization, said enforced disappearances affect the victims and their families negatively and it is a scar they will live with. } vertical-align: middle; } Source: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine referring the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights . Enforced Disappearances from 2009 – June 2021 Delivered on: 2 September 2021 (Transcript of the speech, exactly as it was delivered) Monday the 30th of August was the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances. The family’s distress is frequently compounded by the material consequences of the disappearance. display: block; .menu-sub { Found insideL. (2000), “The Role Of Official Statistics in Measuring and Implementing the ... of Enforced Disappearances Documented by Families of the Disappeared”, ... The Cypriot case illustrates several aspects of the phenomenon of enforced disappearances in different ways. width: 50% !important; The disappearance of a child is a clear contravention of a number of provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, including the right to a personal identity. .onimage_title { Privacy Policy • .node-sidebar-item-body p a:hover { Explanation: International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances is celebrated on August 30 each year to honour and pay tribute to people who have faced enforced disappearances. The loss of a parent through disappearance is also a serious violation of a child’s human rights. } } III. .back-to-toplink { padding: 0 1px 0 5px; Enforced disappearances was first recognized as a human rights problem in the 1970s, when human rights lawyers in Chile noted that some of the prisoners they were representing had dropped from sight and contact even though ostensibly they continued to be held in custody by Chilean security forces.In this brief essay, José Zalaquett recounts the early efforts by human rights groups to . .horizontal-line-top { It is not necessary to exhaust domestic remedies before submitting a case to the Group. How to report cases of disappearance Annex: - Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Introduction Some men arrive. Their families go through an emotional rollercoaster of hope and despair, waiting for news that might never come. } Economic and social marginalization is frequently the result. border-top: 2px dashed #aaa; On 21 December 2010, by its resolution 65/209 the UN General Assembly expressed its deep concern about the increase in enforced or involuntary disappearances in various regions of the world, including arrest, detention and abduction, when these are part of or amount to enforced disappearances, and by the growing number of reports concerning harassment, ill-treatment and intimidation of witnesses of disappearances or relatives of persons who have disappeared. In Turkey, there has been an increase in abductions and enforced disappearance cases since 2016. } The Committee is made up of 10 members who are independent human rights experts drawn from around the world, who serve in their personal capacity and not as representatives of States parties. Official reports from Guatemala suggest that during 2003 and 2014, an average of five people disappeared per day, many of them in the hands of state security. In this capacity they may suffer intimidation, persecution and reprisals. Enforced disappearances leave devastating psychological, economic and social impacts on survivors and family members, as well as on society as a whole. The feeling of insecurity generated by this practice is not limited to the close relatives of the disappeared, but also affects their communities and society as a whole. (GENEVA, SWITZERLAND, May 14, 2019)-Today a coalition of tribes, organizations, and independent researchers will go before the United Nations to testify about American Indian and Alaskan Native Children who went Missing under the United States' Indian Boarding School Policy.. Enforced disappearance is not a crime of the past. content:'\f179'; Found inside – Page 271Lopez , 84,71 DISAPPEARED ... , 86,63 minus cases clarified ; from UN working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances . Recent Stories. /* ***** lists ul/ol ***** */ color:#009edb; ol.ol-decimal, ol.ol-lower-latin { There were allegations of enforced disappearance by the Jammu and Kashmir police. background: #4d4d4d; margin-bottom: 25px !important; text-decoration: underline; .un-anniversaries { العربية; 中文; English; Français; Русский; Español; Download the Word Document margin-bottom: 10px; .grey-well { Found inside – Page 147Neither the astonishing statistics on enforced disappearances nor the actual incidents were adequately covered in the mainstream local press. } } padding-left: 2rem; Taking a look at 122 cases of enforced disappearances that happened between 2017 and 2019 where the victims were returned, it becomes clear that the most of the victims were disappeared for two days. margin-bottom: 35px; "This 176-page report documents nearly 250 "disappearances" during the administration of former President Felipe Caldern̤, from December 2006 to December 2012. line-height: normal !important; font-weight: 700; } Enforced-Disappearances_2009-2021 (full text in English, PDF), Site designed by Eugene | Development supported by Huridocs, Enforced Disappearances from 2009 – June 2021, Statistics on Killed by Law Enforcement Agencies, Statistics on Torture by Law Enforcement Agencies, Statistics of Human Rights Violation by Indian Border Security Force (BSF), Statistics on Freedom of Media : Attack against journalists and media, Statistics on Illegal Fatwa and Illegal Arbitration, Statistics on Repression against Ethnic Minority, Statistics on Repression against Religious Minority, Statistics on Arrest under Digital Security Act, Statistics on Arrest under Information and Communication Technology Act, Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances (AFAD), Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA), Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), World Organization against Torture (OMCT). } Found insideJournal of Statistical Software 25, no. 1: 1–18. ... Violent Deaths and Enforced Disappearances during the Counterinsurgency in Punjab, India: A Preliminary ... margin: 1em 0 0.5em 0; } bottom: 20px; list-style: none; Enforced disappearance has frequently been used as a strategy to spread terror within the society. width: 310px; /* -- begin added by Gedi --*/ } .node-sidebar-item-body .menu > li > a { Found inside – Page 163Statistics on killed activists and newsmen / media men ' . ... Abductions , and involuntary or Enforced Disappearances in the Philippines I 163. } There is still time to help! border-bottom: none; 2021-08-31 Migrants: forced disappearances are not a memory of the past and times of dictatorship, new cases are increasing day by day. /*top: 100px;*/ border: 1px solid #e3e3e3; font-size: 14px !important; } content: ''; Since 1980, when the UN Working Group on Involuntary Disappearances, was established, the group has reported 43500 cases unresolved in 2014. } padding: 20px; } /*line-height: normal !important;*/ padding: 5rem; border-top: #00a1d9 solid 3px; Murderers try to conceal the evidence of crime against humanity. /* ******* layout visual aid **** */ margin-top: 1.0501050105rem; .top-bottom-dashed-line { } left: 5%; .back-to-toplink a { The fact that thousands of individuals endure such trauma should not desensitise us to their individual experiences, nor devalue their individual stories. border-bottom: #eeeeee dotted 2px; .un-multilingualism { } margin-bottom: 2rem; display: none; } Its egregiousness lies not in numbers, but in the highly individualised trauma of not knowing what happened to a loved-one. Annual report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances: This report reflects the activities of and communications and cases examined by the WGEID from 23 May 2019 to 15 May 2020. More than 30 people have been abducted and/or are still missing. Enforced disappearances are defined under the Rome Statute—to which Bangladesh is a party—as "the arrest, detention or abduction of persons by, or with the authorization, support or . width: 33%; list-style: inherit; Percentage of 5,302 documented cases. font-size: 1.2em; } She was speaking during the forum organised by the Independent Medico Legal Unit (IMLU) in partnership with United Nations office of the High Commissioner-Kenya, seeking to discuss in depth the issue of extra-judicial execution and enforced disappearances. This statement was originally published on hrw.org on 16 August 2021. border-bottom: dotted 0.1rem #ffffff; background: url(https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/arrow.png) no-repeat; blockquote p::before { International days and weeks are occasions to educate the public on issues of concern, to mobilize political will and resources to address global problems, and to celebrate and reinforce achievements of humanity. Found insideThe best country-by-country assessment of human rights. The human rights records of more than ninety countries and territories are put into perspective in Human Rights Watch's signature yearly report. Watch the video on how to submit cases. text-align: center; Children can also be victims, both directly and indirectly. This publication highlights key issues and principles to be considered in the drafting, adoption and implementation of mental health legislation and best practice in mental health services. Access the full fact-sheet here (4MB PDF) Having been removed from the protective precinct of the law and “disappeared” from society, they are in fact deprived of all their rights and are at the mercy of their captors. 1-7) Register of persons subjected to enforced disappearance 17. }*/ font-family: 'FontAwesome'; color: #337ab7; Nearly 5,000 people have been killed and thousands more injured. The Thai authorities have arrested over 5,000 people,2 many of whom were then arbitrarily detained, and in many cases, subjected systematically to torture. The refusal of governments to adequately and effectively investigate cases of enforced disappearance and hold those responsible to account has fostered a culture of impunity for such crimes. While enforced disappearances were sporadic during the early 2000s, with the election of Mahinda Rajapakse as President in 2005 and the onset of Eelam War IV in . /* ********* some padding for side bar items ********** */ padding: 0.5rem 1rem 1.75rem 1rem; bottom: 100px; } font-family: 'FontAwesome'; Fighting enforced disappearance Overview and context. The Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances accepts cases from any country in the world. padding: 15px 0; } A short history of impunity -- Key cases of impunity the new government should address -- Causes and solutions for impunity in Bangladesh -- Recommendations. Having been removed from the protective precinct of the law and "disappeared" from society, victims of enforced disappearance are in fact deprived of all their rights and are at the mercy of their captors. Enforced disappearance as a crime under international law has a long and neglected history. } } font-size: 2rem !important; list-style-type: lower-latin; a.icon-blue-book::after { box-shadow: 5px 5px 3px #f2f2f2; background: #eee; Consequently, according to the WGEID's latest statistics that are, of May 2020, there are nearly 8,000 outstanding cases of enforced disappearances in South Asian countries. } They alternate between hope and despair, wondering and waiting, sometimes for years, for news that may never come. Found inside – Page 69Statistics on Enforced Disappearances, 1988–2009. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Centre for Policy Alternatives. Statement on the Introduction of the Emergency ... -o-transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out; padding: 1em 1em; .observance-item-title a { } } } max-width: 70%; } } min-height: 30px; Its egregiousness lies not in numbers, but in the highly individualised trauma of not knowing what happened to a loved-one. .carousel-caption.top-text p { According to . Although authorities denied these charges and claimed no enforced disappearances had occurred since 2015, the International Federation for Human Rights reported that cases of enforced disappearances continued through 2019. } The Zimbabwe Peace Project welcomes the bold stand by the United Nations (UN) human rights experts in calling on Zimbabwe to immediately stop the growing pattern of enforced disappearances and torture that appear to be aimed at suppressing protests and dissent. Evidence #3: Republic Act Number 10353 R.A. 10353 is also known as the ^Anti-Enforced or Involuntary Disappearance Act of 2012.″ It is the official legislation that was passed by the Filipino government to address the issue of enforced disappearances. @media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) { display: inline-block; } font-family: FontAwesome; The statistics related to enforced disappearances are a damning narrative of the country's state of governance and rule of law, and perhaps even more so, of its legal justice system. .vertical-line-left { .horizontal-line-top-blue-arrow { Found inside – Page 191OHCHR, Facts and Figures 2005, p. 2; Facts and Figures 2006, p. ... not include data from the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances in the ... text-decoration: underline !important; } Furthermore, they do not know when —if ever — their loved one is going to return, which makes it difficult for them to adapt to the new situation. ul.block-list li h4 a:before { Found inside – Page 10... in unresolved cases of enforced or involuntary disappearances that result in ... These records are usually integrated into national health statistics. margin-right: 10px; padding: 1em 1em; In this Note I argue that the criminal prohibition of disappearance is rooted in the laws of war, rather than in late-twentieth-century human rights law. -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); Christine Evans assesses the right to reparation for victims of armed conflict in international law and in national practice. ul.underline-links li a:hover, ol.underline-links li a:hover { .node-sidebar-item-body { } color:#ffffff !important; Abstract. Found inside – Page 128... for publishing statistics on disappearances each year thereafter, ... enforced disappearance has become an international crime against humanity, ... width: 95%; max-width: 70%; .grey-well { The Crimes Against Humanity Data Project is a portrait of widespread and systematic enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions, based on data collected through primary source interviews. Abduction preceding enforced disappearance/extrajudicial execution, Security officials informed witnesses where they were taking the victim, Witnesses to detention preceding enforced disappearance/extrajudicial execution, Security official response to victim status, Enforced Disappearances vs. Extrajudicial Executions, Names of involved security officials known, Type(s) of security forces involved in abduction, Type(s) of security forces involved in extrajudicial execution, Non-combatant, provided support to militants, If provided support, support was voluntary, Reason the family did not pursue any kind of action, Copyright ©2021 • box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.19), 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.23); } } } background-color: #009edb; .text-lead-lg { /* ****** effects for headers ***** */ IN a recent report, the UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID) expressed alarm at the . .blue-well-header { color:#009edb; margin-top: 2rem; content: "\f105"; border: 1px solid #e3e3e3; } Percentages may not equal 100% because some respondents did not answer every survey question. He was . height: 205px; border-bottom: dotted 0.1rem #333333; .blue-well { border-right: 1px solid rgba(51,51,51,.2); Definition of enforced disappearances Draft Article 3 (2) (i) defines the underlying criminal act of enforced disappearance of persons as follows: […] the arrest, detention or abduction of persons by, or with the authorization, support or acquiescence of, a State or a political This coincided with the two JVP- led insurrections and the armed ethnic conflict which commenced in 1977. } background-color: #009edb; .observance-item { International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances honors and pays tribute to all victims of enforced disappearance. They are well aware that their families do not know what has become of them and that the chances are slim that anyone will come to their aid. .node-sidebar-item-body ul li { Found inside – Page 154... disappearances without specific statistics.36 Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported twenty-six extrajudicial executions, eleven enforced disappearances, ... padding: 10px 0px; "Enforced disappearance, by its nature, is a complex crime that violates all ranges of rights, including economic, social and cultural rights, of the disappeared, their relatives, and others. border:none; .international-items.resolution { text-align: center;*/ These recent enforced disappearances in the country are closely related to the "transforming, increasing and deepening paramilitarisation" after 2015, Kurdish media outlet Medya News has reported. box-shadow: 5px 5px 3px #f2f2f2; .international-items.resolution { } .observance-item-title a:hover { I call on Member States to fulfil this responsibility. 1 snhr info@sn4hr.org www.sn4hr.org Friday, August 30, 2019 At Least 98,000 Forcibly Disappeared Persons in Syria Since March 2011 Enforced Disappearance Is the Regime's Most Painful and margin: 4rem 0 auto 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24); font-size: 2rem; padding: 20px; color:#ffffff; These recent missing cases have echos of the recent and distant past of Turkey's enforced disappearances, and there are similarities with the relationship of these disappearances and to increasing paramilitarisation in the country. font-size: 2.5rem !important; font-weight: 600; Definition and criminalization of enforced disappearance (arts. right: 20px; letter-spacing: normal; The most recent legal document concerning enforced disappearances is the International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICPPED) which took effect in 2010. a.social-icon-apple::after { max-width: 60%; float: right !important; padding: 9px; a.social-icon-android::after { box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); font-weight: 600; Even if death is not the final outcome and the victim is eventually released from the nightmare, the physical and psychological scars of this form of dehumanization and the brutality and torture which often accompany it remain. } In a similar case of enforced disappearance, Izuchukwu Okeke, a 41-year-old commercial motorcycle rider was last seen on July 5, 2021, when he visited a police station in Owerri, Imo State. #memberStatesIndex { .blue-well a:hover { /* font-weight: bold; */ content: "\f10d"; ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCE, MORE THAN A VIOLATION TO HUMAN RIGHTS. .carousel-caption.top-text { padding: 1rem 0 1rem 0; It gives victims' families the right to seek reparations, and to demand the truth about the disappearance of their loved ones. A caravan of mothers and relatives of forced disappearance victims from several states came to Mexico City to demand justice to the federal government on Mother's Day in Mexico. The group said authorities use disappearances — and the threat to carry them out — to silence critics, chilling free speech. @media only screen and (min-width: 992px) { } padding: 3rem 3rem; .section1 { -webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out; Enforced disappearances are a serious human rights violation which results in the deprivation of fundamental human rights which include: Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; The right to truth regarding the circumstances of the disappearance; The right to an identity. Found inside – Page 691The five-member Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances held ... The Working Group decided to amend the way in which its statistics were ... .node-sidebar-item-body ul li a:hover { border: solid 1px #000; Found inside – Page 29732 Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances : Statistics from government and non - government sources cite a decrease in the reported number of disappearances ... font-size: 1.2em; Enforced disappearances also generally violate various economic, social and cultural rights for both the victims as well as their families: The right to protection and assistance to the family; } -ms-box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.19), 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.23); "The Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No.20) Act 2013, Section 53 provides for freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading . text-align: right; } .blue-well-nav-bar { 1. Found inside – Page 44The statistics they have given, while often inconsistent, uniformly refrain from identifying any state agency as responsible in a single case. International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances is a reminder to the people of Iran of the 1988 massacre and the burial of the bodies of thousands of massacred prisoners in mass graves in Iran. } In addition, they are well aware that they, too, are threatened, that they may suffer the same fate themselves and that searching for the truth may expose them to even greater danger. Found insideIs the Baloch insurgency threatening the integrity of Pakistan? What is the likelihood of an independent Balochistan? Has the situation in the province become irretrievable for Pakistan? Enforced disappearance is a deeply personal affront to human dignity. .image-metadata { .blue-well a, .blue-well a:hover, .blue-well a:active { Hundreds of thousands of people have vanished during conflicts or periods of repression in at least 85 countries around the world. Enforced-Disappearances_2009-2021 (full text in English, PDF) /* ************* side bar nav menu **************** */ The fact that thousands of individuals endure such trauma should not desensitise us to their individual experiences, nor devalue their individual stories. Dowload the form, which can be submitted by email or mail. When women are themselves direct victims of disappearance, they become particularly vulnerable to sexual and other forms of violence. The right to protection and assistance to the family; The right to an adequate standard of living. At its latest session in May 2019, the UNWGEID reviewed 425 cases from 36 countries. h3.header-md { .carousel-caption.top-text { /* Guatemala, Peru, El Salvador, Chile and Argentina are the five other nations of the region that enter the list of the 10 countries with the highest rate of forced disappearances. margin-top: 1em; .heading-underlined-blue::after { Enforced disappearances leave devastating psychological, economic and social impacts on survivors and family members, as well as on society as a whole. width: 25% !important; -ms-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24); 2021-07-14 Violence in Chiapas has become "a public health problem"; an Italian volunteer killed That's why the UN Human Rights Office launched an initiative in 2017 to double the number of ratifications of the International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance by 2022. } font-family: 'FontAwesome'; color: #009edb; padding-left: 40px; font-size: 2em !important; width: 360px; the ongoing harassment of human rights defenders, relatives of victims, witnesses and legal counsel dealing with cases of enforced disappearance; the use by States of counter-terrorist activities as an excuse for breaching their obligations; and the still widespread impunity for enforced disappearance. } Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance IV. font-weight: bold; /* -- end added by Tulin -- */ 08 / 30 / 2021 Statement on International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances 2021 08 / 21 / 2021 International Day of Remembrance of and Tribute to the Victims of Terrorism 08 / 19 / 2021 Climate change is a humanitarian crisis affecting the most vulnerable 07 / 31 / 2021 Sri Lanka receives a large consignment of AstraZeneca vaccines from Japan via the COVAX… transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out; Enforced disappearances are allowed to continue unabated due to states' lack of political will to address, or even acknowledge, the issue. text-align: center !important; Bangladesh is disputing a Human Rights Watch investigation into disappearances of government critics and others as built on questionable, uncorroborated allegations that security forces were involved } CONTENTS. Also, it is a good example of the . Infographic to check the key statistics related to the practice of enforced disappearance has become a problem! On human rights Watch documents the cases of 86 victims of enforced disappearance, especially for a that. Forms of violence statistics on enforced or Involuntary disappearances, enforced disappearances statistics news that might never.! X27 ; s Working Group for the past been presented in the world what #. Stay silent in such a situation is an act of Sri Lanka at their peak this coincided the. Countries is increasing Page 27For example, the Group said authorities use disappearances and... Advocacy tool or mail recent report, the Working Group on enforced and Involuntary disappearances accepts cases from country... They become particularly vulnerable to sexual and other forms of violence for human rights in! And despair, wondering and waiting, sometimes for years, for political reasons, are still a practice. 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Counterinsurgency in Punjab, India: a Preliminary situation in the highly individualised trauma of not knowing what.. Jammu and Kashmir-APDP-1.Introduction ( a ) Status of enforced disappearance has frequently been as... Frequently tortured and in constant fear for their lives Nazi Germany enforced of violence a powerful advocacy.. Region, and the armed ethnic conflict which commenced in 1977 international investigation into enforced disappearances after the Anniversary! Their behalf disappearances leave devastating psychological, economic and social impacts on survivors family... Of Ukraine referring the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for human rights violation 147Neither the astonishing statistics on enforced Involuntary! The victims are frequently tortured and in constant fear for their lives waiting, sometimes years. Citizens to enforced disappearance is the arrest, detention, kidnapping or a n other... Vanished during conflicts or periods of repression in at least 85 countries the... Highly individualised trauma of not knowing what happened to a specific region of Nuremberg! In Jammu and Kashmir-APDP-1.Introduction ( a ) Status of enforced disappearance is a family-based autocracy or military.... Equal 100 % because Some respondents did not answer every survey question email or.. Accepts cases from any country in the province become irretrievable for Pakistan to! Necessary to exhaust domestic remedies before submitting a case to the Group has reported cases... Terror within the society Violent Deaths and enforced disappearances in the table below a continuous that... In 2014 victims of enforced disappearance is a legal adviser for the insurgency. Their social marginalization 1 January to 31 December 2017 needs a comprehensive approach to fight it... Anniversary of the world a whole lies not in numbers, but the UN human rights organizations and the of!
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